Nama : Dellina Rizki Azhari
NPM :
22213152
Kelas : 3EB26
Tugas Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2
STRUCTURE AND
WRITTEN
EXPRESSION
The second section of the TOEFL test is the
Structure and Written Expression section. This section consists of forty
questions (some tests may be longer). You have twenty-five minutes to complete
the forty questions in this section.
There are two types of questions in the Structure
and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test:
1.
Structure
(questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of the sen-tence
has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer
choices. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in a
grammatically correct way.
2.
Written Expression
(questions 16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or
groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or
group of words that is not correct.
GENERAL
STRATEGIES
1.
Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every TOEFL test are the same, so
it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you
take the test You should be completely familiar with the directions before the
day of the test.
2.
Begin with questions I through 15. Anticipate that questions I through 5 will be the
easiest. Anticipate that questions 11 through 15 will be the most difficult Do
not spend too much time on questions 11 through 15.There will be easier
questions that come later.
3.
Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will be the
easiest. Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will be the most difficult. Do
not spend too much time on questions 36 through 40
4.
If you have time, return to questions 11 through 15. You should spend extra time on questions 11 through
15 only after you spend all the time that you want on the easier questions.
5.
Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are not sure of the correct response,
you should answer each question.There is no penalty for guessing.
THE STRUCTURE
QUESTIONS
In the TOEFL test, questions 1 through 15 of the
Structure and Written Expression section test your knowledge of the correct
structure of English sentences. The questions in this section are
multiple-choice questions in which you must choose the letter of the answer
that best completes the sentence.
Example ____is taking a trip to New York.
(A)
They
(B)
When
(C)
The woman
(D)
Her
In this example, you should notice immediately that
the sentence has a verb (is taking), and that the verb needs a subject. Answers
(B) and (D) are incorrect because when and her are not subjects. In answer (A),
they is a subject, but they is plural and the verb is taking is singular. The
correct answer is answer (C); the woman is a singular subject. You should
therefore choose answer (C).
STRATEGIES FORTHE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
1.
First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to
complete the sentence correctly.
2.
Then study each answer based on how well it
completes the sentence. Eliminate
answers that do not complete the sentence correctly.
3.
Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking
only at the answers. The incorrect
answers are generally correct by themselves.The incorrect answers are generally
incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
4.
Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are
unsure of the correct response.
5.
Do not spend too much time on the Structure
questions. Be sure to leave
adequate time for the Written Expression questions.
The following skills will help you to
implement these strategies in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
SENTENCES WITH ONE
CLAUSE
Some sentences in English have just one subject and
verb, and it is very important for you to find the subject and verb in these
sentences. In some sentences it is easy to find the subject and verb. However,
certain structures, such as objects of prepositions, appositives, and
participles, can cause confusion in locating the subject and verb because each
of these structures can look like a subject or verb. The object of the
preposition can be mistaken for a subject.
Therefore, you should be able to do the following in
sentences with one subject and verb: (1) be sure the sentence has a subject and
a verb, (2) be careful of objects of prepositions and appositives when you are
looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of present participles and past
participles when you are looking for the verb.
SKILL 1: BE SURE
THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
You know that a sentence in English should have a
subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter
in the Structure section of the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs:
perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or
perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.
Example I
____ was backed up for miles on the freeway.
(A)
Yesterday
(B)
In the morning
(C)
Traffic
(D)
Cars
In this example you should notice immediately that
there is a verb (was), but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer
because it is a singular subject that agrees with the singular verb was. Answer
(A), yesterday, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subjects, so they are
not correct. Although answer (D), cars, could be a subject, it is not correct
because cars is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was.
Example II
Engineers____ for work on the new space program.
(A)
necessary
(B)
are needed
(C)
hopefully
(D)
next month
In this example you should notice immediately that
the sentence has a subject (engineers), and that there is no verb. Because
answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and
(D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.
Example III
The boy _____ going to the movies with a friend.
(A)
he is
(B)
he always was
(C)
is relaxing
(D)
will be
This sentence has a subject (boy) and has part of a
verb (going); to be correct, some form of the verb be is needed to make the
sentence complete. Answers (A) and (B) are incor-rect because the sentence
already has a subject (boy) and does not need the extra subject he. Answer (C)
is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb part that is unnecessary
be-cause of going. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with going
is a complete verb.
The following chart oudines what you should remember
about subjects and verbs:
SUBJECT AND
VERBS
A sentence in English must have at
least one subject and one verb.
SKILL 1
1.
Engineers……for work
on the new space program.
a. Necessary
b. Are needed
c. Hopefully
d. Next week
2.
The boy……going
to the theater with his friend.
a. He is
b. He always
c. Is relaxing
d. Will be
3.
Some students of
Cambridge University…..their research in Indonesia.
a. It conduct
b. Conduct
c. Conducting
d. With conducting
4.
A job on the day
shift or the night shift at the plant…..available
a. They are
b. Are
c. Is able to
d. Being
5.
The new student…..the
seminar on the anniversary day of Sugar Group Companies.
a. They attend
b. Coming
c. Are being attend
d. Attends
SKILL 2: BE
CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun
that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, and so
on, to form a prepositional phrase. (After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by
boat).
This sentence contains two objects of prepositions.
Exams is the object of the preposition after and boat is the object of the
preposition by. An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the Structure
section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a
sentence.
Example
With his friend _____ found the movie theater.
(A)
has
(B)
he
(C)
later
(D)
when
In this example you should look first for the
subject and the verb. You should notice the verb found and should also notice
that there is no subject. Do not think that friend is the subject; friend is
the object of the preposition with, and one noun cannot be both a subject and
an object at the same time. Because a subject is needed in this sentence,
answer (B), he, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct
because they cannot be subjects.
The following chart outlines the key information
that you should remember about objects of prepositions:
OBJECT OF
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that
is called an object of the preposition. If a word is an object of a
preposition, it is not the subject.
SKILL 2
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that
best completes the sentence.
1.
Mark Twain _____
the years after the Civil War the “Gilded Age.”
a.
Called
b.
Calling
c.
he called
d.
his calls
2.
Early ____ toes
instead of hooves on their feet.
a.
Horses
b.
had horses
c.
horses had
d.
horses having
3.
______ grow close to the ground in the short
Arctic summer.
a.
Above tundra
plants
b.
Tundra plants
c.
Tundra plants
are found
d.
For tundra
plants
4.
In 1867, ____
Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million.
a.
purchased the
United States
b.
to purchase the
United States
c.
the United
States’ purchase of
d.
the United
States purchased
5.
Between 1725 and
1750, New England witnessed an increase in the specialization of _____.
a.
Occupations
b.
Occupies
c.
they occupied
d.
it occupied them
6.
The large
carotid artery ____ to the main parts of the brain.
a.
carrying blood
b.
blood is carried
c.
carries blood
d.
blood carries
7.
_____ radio as the first practical system of
wireless telegraphy.
a.
Marconi’s
development
b.
The development
by Marconi
c.
Developing
Marconi
d.
Marconi
developed
8.
In 1975, the
first successful space probe to ____ beginning to send information back to
Earth.
a.
Venus
b.
Venus the
c.
Venus was
d.
Venus it was
9.
The two biggest
resort _____ Arkansas are Hot Springs and Eureka Springs.
a.
In
b.
towns in
c.
towns are
d.
towns are in
10. NASA’S Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center _________
control center for the Mercury Gemini, and Apollo space flights.
a.
it was at the
b.
it was the
c.
was the
d.
the
sumber :
http://englishjempolan.blogspot.co.id/2015/12/skil-skill-toefl-part-structure-skill-1.html
http://iisfarida-luphme.blogspot.co.id/2012/04/skill-2-objek-of-preposition-structure.html
https://indahnyaduniamaya.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/structure.pdf
